Pesticides - Children and Exposure Research List

Title

Journal

Year

Author

Abstracted

Acute Illnesses Associated With Pesticide Exposure at Schools

American Medical Association

Volume 294 Number 4

July 2005

Walter A. Alarcon et al.

Pesticide exposure at schools produces acute illnesses among school employees and students. To prevent pesticide-related illnesses at schools, implementation of integrated pest management programs in schools, practices to reduce pesticide drift, and adoption of pesticide spray buffer zones around schools are recommended.

An Anthropological Approach to the Evaluation of Preschool Children Exposed to Pesticides in Mexico

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 106 Number 6

June 1998

Elizabeth A. Guillette at al

Exposed children demonstrated decreased in stamina, gross and fine eye-hand coordination , 30 minute memory, and the ability to draw a person.

Birth Defects, Season of Conception, and Sex of Children Born to Pesticide Applicators Living in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, USA

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 110 Number 3

June 2002

Vincent F. Garry et al.

Adverse neurological and neurobehaviorial developmental effects clustered among the children born to applicators of the fumigant phosphine (odds ratio [OR] = 2.48; confidence interval [CI]. 1.2-5.1). Use of the herbicide glyphosphate yielded an OR of 3.6 (CI, 1.3-9.6) in the neurobehavioral category.

DDT and Breast Cancer in Young Women: New Data on the Significance of Age at Exposure

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volume 115; Number 10

October 2007

Barbera A. Cohn et al

High levels of serum HHDDT predicted a statistically significant 5-fold increased risk of breast cancer among women who were born after 1931.

Exposure to DDT early in life may increase breast cancer risk. Many U.S. women heavily exposed to DDT in childhood have not reached 50 years of age. The public health significance of DDT exposure in early life may be large.

Effect of Community of Residence on Neurobehavioral Development in Infants and Young Children in a Flower-Growing Region of Ecuador

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volume 115 Number 1

January 2007

Alexis J. Handal et al

3-23 months of age who resided in high-exposure communities scored lower on gross motor(p=0.002), and fine motor(p=0.06), and socioindividual (p-value = 0.02) skills, compared with children in the low-exposure community. Children 24-61 months of age residing in the high-exposure communities  scored significantly lower on gross motor skills compared with children of similar ages residing in the low exposure community.  Residence in communities with high potential for exposure to OP and carbamate pesticides was associated with poorer neurobehavioral development of the child even after controlling for major determinants of delayed development. Malnourished populations may be particularly vulnerable to neurobehavioral effects of pesticide exposure. 

Exposures of Children to Organophosphate Pesticides and Their Potential Adverse Health Effects

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 107 Supplement 3

June 1999

Brenda Eskenazi, Asa Bradman and Rosemary Castorina

There is substantial toxicologic evidence that repeated low-level exposure to organophosphate (OP) pesticides may affect neurodevelopment and growth in developing animals.  Possible mechanisms for these effects include inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase, down regulation of muscarinic receptors, decreased brain DNA synthesis, and reduced brain weight in offspring.  Research findings also suggest that it is biologically plausible that OP exposure may be related to respiratory disease in children through dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system.

Exposure to Phenoxy Herbicides and the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion

Epidemiology Volume 10 Number 6

November 1999

Tye E. Arbuckle et al.

Phenoxy herbicide exposure has been associated with several cancers, including non- hodgkin’s lymphoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and prostate cancer.  This chemical family herbicides was first considered as a potential reproductive toxin in studies of military personnel and civilians exposed to Agent Orange (a mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T contaminated with dioxins) in Vietnam and in reports of increased spontaneous abortions in an area sprayed with 2,4,5-T in Oregon.

Household exposure to pesticides and risk of childhood acute leukemia

Occup Environ Med 2006 Volume 63 pages 131-134

2006

F Menegaux et al.

Acute leukemia was observed to be significantly associated with maternal home insecticide use during pregnancy (OR = 1.8. 95% CI 1.2 to 2.8) and during childhood (OR =1.7,95% CI 1.1 to 2.4), with garden insecticide use(OR = 2.4, 95% CI 1.3 to 4.3), and fungicide use (OR = 2.5, 95% CI 1.0 to 6.2) during childhood.  Insecticidal shampoo treatment of pediculosis was also associated with childhood acute leukemia (OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.3).

Impact of Prenatal  Chlorpyrifos Exposure on Neurodevelopment in the First 3 Years of Life Among Inner City Children

Pediatrics: Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics

Pediatrics 2006; 118

December 2006

Virginia A. Rauh et al

Highly exposed children (chlorpyrifos levels of 6.17 pg/g plasma) scored, on average, 6.5 points lower on the Bayley Psychomotor Development Index and 3.3 points lower on the Bayley Mental Development Index at 3 years of age compared with those with lower levels of exposure. Children exposed to higher, compared with lower, chlorpyrifos levels were also significantly more likely to experience Pyschomotor Development Index and Mental Development Index delays, attention problems, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder problems, and pervasive developmental disorder problems at 3 years of age.

In Utero Pesticide Exposure, Maternal Paraoxonase Activity, and Head Circumference

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 112 Number 3

March 2004

Gertude S. Berkowtiz et al

Were associated with reduced head size. Because small head size has been found to be predictive of subsequent cognitive ability, these data suggest that chlorpyrifos may have a detrimental effect on fetal neurodevelopment.

Is the Decline of the Increasing Incidence of Non- Hodgkin Lymphoma in Sweden and Other Countries a Result of Cancer Preventive Measures?

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 111 Nuber 14

November 2003

Lennart Hardell and Mikael Eriksson

We found a significant association between exposure to phenoxyacetic acids and chlorophenols and malignant lymphoma, both NHL and Hodgkin disease.

Long term Neurobehavioral Health Effect of Methyl Parathion Exposure in Children in Mississippi and Ohio.

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volume 112; Number 1

January 2004

Perri Zeitz Ruckart et al

Exposed children had more difficulties with tasks involving short-term memory and attention. Additionally, parents of exposed children reported that their children had more behavioral and motor skill problems than did parents of unexposed children.

Maternal Residence Near Agricultural Pesticide Applications and Autism Spectrum Disorders among Children in the CaliforniaCentral Valley

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 115 Number 10

October 2007

Eric M. Roberts et al

Goal was to evaluate the hypothesis that maternal residence near agricultural pesticide applications during key periods of gestation could be associated with the development of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children.

Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Neurobehavioral Performance in Agriculture and Nonagricultural Hispanic Workers

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 114 Number 5

May 2006

Joan Rothlein et al

We found the neurobehavioral performance of Hispanic immigrant farm workers to be lower than that observed in a nonagricultural Hispanic immigrant population, and within the sample of agricultural workers there was a positive correlation between urinary organophosphate metabolite levels and poorer performance on some neurobehavioral tests. These findings add to an increasing body of evidence of the association between low levels of pesticide exposure and deficits in neurobehavioral performance.

Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Neurodevelopment in Young Mexican-American Children

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volume 115; Number 5

May 2007

Brenda Eskenazi et al

Measured six nonspecific dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in maternal and child urine as metabolites specific to malathion (MDA) and chlorpyrifos (TCPy) in maternal urine. We report adverse associations of prenatal DAPs with mental development and pervasive developmental problems at 24 months of age.

Paternal Employment in Agriculture and Childhood Kidney Cancer

Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Volume 17

2000

Mark S. Pearce et al.

They observed a significant excess of death from kidney cancer in children whose fathers were reported to be employed in agriculture at the time of the child’s death.  Of the 1378 children who died (from all causes), 118 had a father who, at the time of the child’s death, worked in an agricultural occupation.

Parental Occupational Exposure to Pesticides and Children Germ-Cell Tumors

American Journal of Epidemiology Volume 162, Number 9

June 2005

Zhi Chen et al.

When both parents had ever been occupationally exposed to pesticides before the index pregnancy, the odds ratio was 0.8 (95% CI: 0.4, 1.3). Subgroup analyses showed a positive association between maternal exposure to herbicides during the postnatal period and risk of germ-cell tumors in girls (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 5.2) and an inverse association between paternal exposure to pesticides during the index pregnancy and germ-cell tumors in boys (OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1, 1.0).

Pesticide Exposure and Stunting as Independent Predictors of Neurobehavioral Deficits in Ecuadorian School Children

Pediatrics: Official Journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics

2006

Philippe Grandjean et al

Prenatal pesticide exposure was associated with a higher systolic blood pressure than in the controls. 5 neurobehavioral tests, the Stanford-Binet copying test showed a lower drawing score for copying designs in exposed children than in controls.

Prenatal Insecticide Exposures and Birth Weight and Length among an Urban Minority Cohort

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 112 Number 10

July 2004

Robin M. Whyatt et al

Results indicate that prenatal chlorpyrifos exposures have impaired fetal growth among this minority cohort and that diazinon exposure may have contributed to the effects. Findings support recent regulatory actions to phase out residential uses of the insecticides.

Toxicologic Evidence of Developmental Neurotoxicity of Environmental Chemicals

Toxicology 144

2000

Helle Raun Anderen et al

Developmental neurotoxicity constitutes effects occurring in the offspring primarily as a result of exposure of the mother during pregnancy and lactation. Epidemiological evidence is very limited, but severe irreversible effects have been observed in humans in utero exposures to a few unknown developmental neurotoxicants. The large number of chemicals with a potential for developmental neurotoxicity in humans stresses the importance.

Variation in Organophosphate Pesticide Metabolites in urine of Children Living Living in Agricultural Communities

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 113 Number 4

April 2005

William E. Lambert et al

The median levels of dimethylthiphosphate (DMTP), the most commonly detected metabolite, was significantly higher in urine samples from children in each of the three agricultural communities relative to a reference group of children who lived in an urban community.

Within and Between Home Variability in Indoor Air Insecticide Levels during Pregnancy among Inner City Cohort from New York City

Environmental Health Perspectives: Volume 115; Number 3

March 2007

Robin M. Whyatt et al

Indoor and maternal personal air insecticide levels were highly correlated. Diazinon and chlorpyrifos levels declined 5 fold between 2001 and 2004 but were detected in all homes 1.5 and 2.5 years, respectively, after the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ban on their residential use.

Title

Org

Year

Author

Abstacted

Comparison Of Integrated Pest Management Policies In Five States

Researched by Oregon Toxics Alliance

Prepared November 26, 2007

Compares how IPM policies have been crafted and implemented, quotes from their definitions and lists strengths and weaknesses.: States covered:  Oregon, California, Washington, Massachusetts and Maryland

A Case for Revisiting the Safety of Pesticides: A Closer Look at Neurodevelopment

Environ Health Perspective

Volume 114

Number 1

January 2006

Theo Colborn

Bowers et al. (2004) found a different profile of developmental neurotoxicity between PCBs alone with a mixture of organochlorine pesticides. Very low doses of the chemicals together delayed ear opening, affected geotaxis, and reduced grip strength. If animal testing continues to be used for determining the safety of pesticides, at least one group of the test animals should be exposed to PCBs before testing the pesticides for their ability to cause unpredictable interactive effects.

Oregon Public Schools Autism Prevalence Report School Years 1992-2003

Fighting Autism

November 2004

• 583% cumulative growth rate of autism from 1992 to 2003
• 22% average annual growth rate for autism from 1992 to 2003
• 1 out 120 (84/10,000) children had autism in 2003

Pest Control Practices in Oregon Public Schools

Oregon Environmental Council

July 2005

Laura Weiss et al

According to the National Academy of Sciences, children are highly susceptible to the effects of toxic chemicals and may not be protected under current regulations. Their body systems are not yet fully developed, making them more susceptible than adults to long-term damage from toxins and less able to process and eliminate those toxins.

Systematic Review of Pesticide Human Health Effects

Ontario College of Family Physicians

April, 2004

Margaret Sanborn et al.

Our review has found evidence of serious harmful effects in several areas including cancer, reproductive effects and impacts on the nervous system. These effects are found in both occupational and home and garden exposures.

3 to 7.7% of cases of that cancer are attributable to exposure to phenoxyacetic acids such as the province-wide ban on cosmetic use of pesticides in Quebec could have a positive impact on our patients’ health.

WesternRegionSchool IPM Implementation and Assessment Work Group

Western States School IPM Resource Chart

2006-2007 Report

Compares the IPM policies between Arizona, California, Colorado, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming